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  • A systematic review of model based testing tool support

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Labiche, Yvan and Shafique, Muhammad
    Abstract:
    Model-based testing (MBT) is about testing a software system by using a model of its behaviour. To benefit fully from MBT, automation support is required. This paper presents a systematic review of prominent MBT tool support where we focus on tools that rely on state-based models. The systematic review protocol precisely describes the scope of the search and the steps involved in tool selection. Precisely defined criteria are used to compare selected tools and comprise support for test coverage criteria, level of automation for various testing activities, and support for the construction of test scaffolding. The results of this review should be of interest to a wide range of stakeholders: software companies interested in selecting the most appropriate MBT tool for their needs; organizations willing to invest into creating MBT tool support; researchers interested in setting research directions.
    Date Created:
    2010-05-01

  • UML diagram synthesis techniques: a systematic mapping study

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Labiche, Yvan, Torre, Damiano, and Genero, Marcela
    Abstract:
    Context: The Unified Modeling Language (UML), with its 14 different diagram types, is the de-facto standard modeling language for object-oriented modeling and documentation. Since the various UML diagrams describe different aspects of one, and only one, software under development, they are not independent but strongly depend on each ot her in many ways. In other words, diagrams must remain consistent. Dependencies between diagrams can become so intricate that it is sometimes even possible to synthesize one diagram on the basis of others. Support for synthesizing one UML diagram from other diagrams can provide the designer with significant help, thus speeding up the design process, decreasing the risk of errors, and guaranteeing consistency among the diagrams. Objective: The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive summary of UML synthesis techniques as they have been described in literature to date in order to obtain an extensive and detailed overview of the current research in this area. Method: We have performed a Systematic Mapping Study by following well-known guide-lines. We selected ten primary studies by means of a search with seven search engines per-formed on October 2, 2013. Results: Various results are worth mentioning. First it appears that researchers have not frequently published papers concerning UML synthesis techniques since 2004 (with the exception of two papers published in 2010). Only half of the UML diagram types are involved in the synthesis techniques we discovered. The UML diagram type most frequently used as the source for synthesizing another diagram is the sequence diagram (66.7%), and the most synthesized diagrams are the state machine diagram (58.3%) and the class diagram (25%). Conclusion: The fact that we did not obtain a large number of primary stud ies over a 14 year period (only ten papers) indicates that synthesizing a UML diagram from other UML diagrams is not a particularly active line of research. Research on UML diagram synthesis is nevertheless relevant since synthesis techniques rely on or en force diagram consistency , and studying UML diagram consistency is an active line of research. Another r esult is that research is need ed to investigate synthesis techniques for other types of UML diagrams than those involved in our primary studies.
    Date Created:
    2015-08-01

  • Comparing GUI Functional System Testing with Functional System Logic Testing - An Experiment

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Labiche, Yvan and Alkhalid, A.
    Abstract:
    The practitioner interested in reducing software verification effort may found herself lost in the many alternative definitions of Graphical User Interface (GUI) testing that exist and their relation to the notion of system testing. One result of these many definitions is that one may end up testi ng twice the same parts of the Software Under Test (SUT), specifically the application logic code. To clarify two important testing activities for the avoidance of duplicate testing effort, this paper studies possible differences between GUI testing and system testing experimentally. Specifically, we selected a SUT equipped with system tests that directly exercise the application code; We used GUITAR, a well-known GUI testing software to GUI test this SUT. Experimental results show important differences between system testing and GUI testing in terms of structural coverage and test cost.
    Date Created:
    2016-09-08

  • UML consistency rules: a systematic mapping study

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Labiche, Yvan, Genero, Marcela, and Torre, Damiano
    Abstract:
    Context: The Unified Modeling Language (UML), with its 14 different diagram types, is the de-facto standard tool for objectoriented modeling and documentation. Since the various UML diagrams describe different aspects of one, and only one, software under development, they are not independent but strongly depend on each other in many ways. In other words, the UML diagrams describing a software must be consistent. Inconsistencies between these diagrams may be a source of the considerable increase of faults in software systems. It is therefore paramount that these inconsistencies be detected, analyzed and hopefully fixed. Objective: The aim of this article is to deliver a comprehensive summary of UML consistency rules as they are described in the literature to date to obtain an extensive and detailed overview of the current research in this area. Method: We performed a Systematic Mapping Study by following well-known guidelines. We selected 94 primary studies from a search with seven search engines performed in December 2012. Results: Different results are worth mentioning. First it appears that researchers tend to discuss very similar consistency rules, over and over again. Most rules are horizontal (98.07%) and syntactic (88.03%). The most used diagrams are the class diagram (71.28%), the state machine diagram (42.55%) and the sequence diagram (47.87%). Conclusion: The fact that many rules are duplicated in primary studies confirms the need for a well accepted list of consistency rules. This paper is a first step in this direction. Results indicate that much more work is needed to develop consistency rules for all 14 UML diagrams, in all dimensions of consistency (e.g., semantic and syntactic on the one hand, horizontal, vertical and evolution on the other hand).
    Date Created:
    2014-01-01

  • Reducing Instrumentation Overhead when Reverse-Engineering Object Interactions

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Mehrfard, Hossein and Labiche, Yvan
    Abstract:
    Reverse-engineering object interactions from source code can be done through static, dynamic, or hybrid (static plus dynamic) analyses. In the latter two, monitoring a program and collecting runtime information translates into some overhead during program execution. Depending on the type of application, the imposed overhead can reduce the precision and accuracy of the reverse-engineered object interactions (the larger the overhead the less precise or accurate the reverse-engineered interactions), to such an extent that the reverse-engineered interactions may not be correct, especially when reverse-engineering a multithreaded software system. One is therefore seeking an instrumentation strategy as less intrusive as possible. In our past work, we showed that a hybrid approach is one step towards such a solution, compared to a purely dynamic approach, and that there is room for improvements. In this paper, we uncover, in a systematic way, other aspects of the dynamic analysis that can be improved to further reduce runtime overhead, and study alternative solutions. Our experiments show effective overhead reduction thanks to a modified procedure to collect runtime information.
    Date Created:
    2015-11-01

  • A systematic identification of consistency rules for UML diagrams

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Torre, Damiano, Elaasar, Maged, Genero, Marcela, and Labiche, Yvan
    Abstract:
    UML diagrams describe different views of one piece of software. These diagrams strongly depend on each other and must therefore be consistent with one another, since inconsistencies between diagrams may be a source of faults during software development activities that rely on these diagrams. It is therefore paramount that consistency rules be defined and that inconsistencies be detected, analyzed and fixed. The relevant literature shows that authors typically define their own UML consistency rules, sometimes defining the same rules and sometimes defining rules that are already in the UML standard. The reason might be that no consolidated set of rules that are deemed relevant by authors can be found to date. The aim of our research is to provide a consolidated set of UML consistency rules and obtain a detailed overview of the current research in this area. We therefore followed a systematic procedure in order to collect and analyze UML consistency rules. We then consolidated a set of 116 UML consistency rules (avoiding redundant definitions or definitions already in the UML standard) that can be used as an important reference for UML-based software development activities, for teaching UML-based software development, and for further research.
    Date Created:
    2016-07-01

  • Multi-objective construction of an entire adequate test suite for an EFSM

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Labiche, Yvan and Asoudeh, Nesa
    Abstract:
    In this paper we propose a method and a tool to generate test suites from extended finite state machines, accounting for multiple (potentially conflicting) objectives. We aim at maximizing coverage and feasibility of a test suite while minimizing similarity between its test cases and minimizing overall cost. Therefore, we define a multi-objective genetic algorithm that searches for optimal test suites based on four objective functions. In doing so, we create an entire test suite at once as opposed to test cases one at a time. Our approach is evaluated on two different case studies, showing interesting initial results.
    Date Created:
    2013-10-01

  • An orchestrated survey of available algorithms and tools for Combinatorial Testing

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Labiche, Yvan and Khalsa, Sunint Kaur
    Abstract:
    For functional testing based on the input domain of a functionality, parameters and their values are identified and a test suite is generated using a criterion exercising combinations of those parameters and values. Since software systems are large, resulting in large numbers of parameters and values, a technique based on combinatorics called Combinatorial Testing (CT) is used to automate the process of creating those combinations. CT is typically performed with the help of combinatorial objects called Covering Arrays. The goal of the present work is to determine available algorithms/tools for generating a combinatorial test suite. We tried to be as complete as possible by using a precise protocol for selecting papers describing those algorithms/tools. The 75 algorithms/tools we identified are then categorized on the basis of different comparison criteria, including: the test suite generation technique, the support for selection (combination) criteria, mixed covering array, the strength of coverage, and the support for constraints between parameters. Results can be of interest to researchers or software companies who are looking for a CT algorithm/tool suitable for their needs.
    Date Created:
    2014-01-01

  • On the Effectiveness of Contracts as Test Oracles in the Detection and Diagnosis of Faults in Concurrent Object-Oriented Software

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Araujo, Wladimir, Briand, Lionel Claude, and Labiche, Yvan
    Abstract:
    Design by Contract (DbC) is a software development methodology that focuses on clearly defining the interfaces between components to produce better quality object-oriented software. The idea behind DbC is that a method defines a contract stating the requirements a client needs to fulfill to use it, the precondition, and the properties it ensures after its execution, the postcondition. Though there exists ample support for DbC for sequential programs, applying DbC to concurrent programs presents several challenges. Using Java as the target programming language, this paper tackles such challenges by augmenting the Java Modelling Language (JML) and modifying the JML compiler to generate Runtime Assertion Checking (RAC) code to support DbC in concurrent programs. We applied our solution in a carefully designed case study on a highly concurrent industrial software system from the telecommunications domain to assess the effectiveness of contracts as test oracles in detecting and diagnosing functional faults in concurrent software. Based on these results, clear and objective requirements are defined for contracts to be effective test oracles for concurrent programs whilst balancing the effort to design them. Main results include that contracts of a realistic level of completeness and complexity can detect around 76% of faults and reduce the diagnosis effort for such faults by at least ten times. We, therefore, show that DbC can not only be applied to concurrent software but can also be a valuable tool to improve the economics of software engineering.
    Date Created:
    2013-09-01

  • Combining Static and Dynamic Analyses to Reverse-Engineer Scenario Diagrams

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Kolbah, Bojana and Labiche, Yvan
    Abstract:
    This paper discusses reverse engineering source code to produce UML sequence diagrams, with the aim to aid program comprehension and other software life cycle activities (e.g., verification). As a first step we produce scenario diagrams using the UML sequence diagram notation. We build on previous work, now combining static and dynamic analyses of a Java software, our objective being to obtain a lightweight instrumentation and therefore disturb the software behaviour as little as possible. We extract the control flow graph from the software source code and obtain an execution trace by instrumenting and running the software. Control flow and trace information is represented as models and UML scenario diagram generation becomes a model transformation problem. Our validation shows that we indeed reduce the execution overhead inherent to dynamic analysis, without losing in terms of the quality of the reverse-engineered information, and therefore in terms of the usefulness of the approach (e.g., for program comprehension).
    Date Created:
    2011-09-01

  • Risk taking personality traits on affect processing during modified versions of the Iowa Gambling Task. Technical Report 2016-02

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Humeny, Courtney
    Abstract:
    The Iowa Gamb ling Task (IGT) is widely used to assess the role of emotion in decision making. However, there is only indirect evidence to support that the task measures emotion. There are inconsistencies in performance within in healthy populations who display risk tak ing traits. Two hundred and fifty participants were assessed for psychopathy, sensation seeking, and impulsiveness. The IGT was compared with modified versions that directly manipulated emotion within in the task by indexing reward and punishment cards wit h images varying in emotional content. Participants continued to learn to avoid risky decks in all versions of the IGT. The manipulation of emotional content within the task did affect performance: fearful images contributed to greater risky deck selection s. Across the tasks, psychopathy showed the strongest relationship to risky deck selections, and lower levels of psychopathy was associated decreased risky deck selections. However, psychopathy did not affect learning in the modified versions. Exploratory analysis on image valance found that negative images (compared to neutral) benefited learning for individuals with higher levels of psychopathy. Discussion will center on the benefits of manipulating emotion directly within the task as a means to assess th e validity of the IGT.
    Date Created:
    2016-02-02

  • A Critical Review of the False Dichotomy Surrounding the Iowa Gambling Task. Technical Report 2016-01

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Humeny, Courtney
    Abstract:
    The debate surrounding how emotion and c ognition are organized in the brain often lead s to Damasio’s Somatic Marker Hypothesis. This theory endorses a highly interactive process between emotion and cognition, but has been criticized for being too broad to capture the specific links between the t wo. It also implies that emotion operates from a neural architecture that is dissociable from cognition. Although empirical findings from the Iowa Gambling Task lend support for the theory, this can promote a false dichotomy between emotion and cognition. Issues will be raised regarding the view that the theory and the task are ill - formulated to account for the phases of decision making. Further theoretical work may be required to align the task with Damasio’s view of emotion as integrated with cognition.
    Date Created:
    2016-01-05

  • Can Shape Predict An Emotional Response? Detecting the Valence of Blurry Words. Technical Report 2015-01

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Yisa, Felix
    Abstract:
    My study attempted to find out if the old part of our brain (limbic system) had a significant role in influencing how we detect the valence of blurry words without conscious awareness of what the words are. 10 participants were shown blurry words that could not be read and were asked to guess valence, without a time limit. The hypotheses for this study was that participants would be accurate in detecting valence of blurred words and that participants would rate negative words the most accurately. I also predicted that participants would attempt to read words before rating valence and they would attempt to read the words only in the beginning. The stimuli were shown to the participants on printed-paper. There were 10 blurred words per page with accompanying 5-point Likert scales by each blurred word with a reference scale at the top of every page. My research data found that there was a significant statistical difference between people’s ability to detect the valence of blurred words compared to the normal ability (which is 100% accuracy). The comparison showed that the participants were significantly worse at detecting the valence of blurred words than unblurred words. There was no significant statistical difference between people’s ability to detect the valence of blurry neutral words compared to the valence of blurry nonsensical words. Participants were equally accurate at both of these word-types. Participant responses also showed that they were statistically better at detecting the valence of negative blurry words than positive blurry words. So they were better at detecting negative valence than those of other valences.
    Date Created:
    2015-01-06

  • Dataverse - A Data Sharing Platform

    Resource Type:
    Conference Proceeding
    Creator:
    Duimovich, George
    Abstract:
    Presentation to Data Science Seminar at Carleton University, Institute for Data Science, May 11, 2016.
    Date Created:
    2016-05-11

  • Assigning Value to Peel's Regional Police’s School Resource Officer Program

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Duxbury, Linda E. and Bennell, Craig
    Abstract:
    Police in schools In an era where the costs of policing are constantly under scrutiny from governing municipalities, the time has come for police agencies to re-evaluate the services they provide. To do this, they need to answer questions relating to the value that different activities they perform create in the communities they serve. In other words, they need to change the focus of the conversation from “what does this service cost” to “what value does this service provide.” This document summarizes key findings from a longitudinal (2014-2017), multi-method (quantitative, qualitative, and ethnographic analysis, along with a Social Return on Investment [SROI] analysis) case study undertaken to identify the value of School Resource Officers (SROs) that are employed by Peel Regional Police and work in the service’s Neighborhood Police Unit (NPU). Of note is the application of SROI techniques in this evaluation process. SROI, a methodology that emerged from the not-for-profit sector, helps researchers identify sources of value outside of those considered through traditional valuation techniques, such as cost-benefit analysis. Evaluation of Peel Police’s SRO program was motivated by a number of factors. First, the costs of this program are both easy to identify and significant (just over $9 million per year). Second, it is very challenging to identify the value that this program provides to students and the community. The challenges of quantifying the value offered by assigning full-time SROs to Canadian high schools is evidenced by the fact that such programs are rare, as police services around the world have responded to pressures to economize by removing officers from schools and either eliminating the role of the SRO or having one officer attend to many schools.
    Date Created:
    2018-01-10

  • The Culture of Protection and the Protection of Culture - A Canadian Perspective in 1998

    Resource Type:
    Research Paper
    Creator:
    Acheson, Keith and Maule, Christopher
    Abstract:
    An earlier version of this paper was prepared for a Symposium, Cultural Policies in Regional Integration, sponsored by the Center for the Study of Western Hemispheric Trade and the Mexican Center of the Institute of Latin American Studies, The University of Texas at Austin, February 2, 1998.
    Date Created:
    1998-02-28

  • Donor Competition for Influence in Recipient Country

    Resource Type:
    Research Paper
    Creator:
    Rowlands, Dane and Calleja, Rachael
    Abstract:
    The analysis of official development assistance has always struggled with the contradiction between its more altruistic motivations for global development and its easy adaptation as an instrument for the donor’s pursuit of self-interested foreign policy objectives. In the international system foreign aid may thus become a forum for both cooperative and competitive interactions between donors. This chapter explores the interdependence of aid by reviewing the literature on donor interdependence, with a particular focus on donor competition for influence in recipient states. We then present a simple theoretical framework to examine donor competition, and provide some preliminary empirical testing of resulting hypotheses. We conclude that while the evidence about competition is fixed, the behaviour of some donors is consistent with their pursuit of influence in certain recipient states.
    Date Created:
    2015-03-01

  • Terrorist Chatter – Understanding what terrorists talk about

    Resource Type:
    Research Paper
    Creator:
    Kilberg, Joshua, Vidino, Lorenzo, Lefkowitz, Josh, and Kohlmann, Evan
    Abstract:
    Since the early 2000s the Internet has become particularly crucial for the global jihadist movement. Nowhere has the Internet been more important in the movement’s development than  in  the  West.  While  dynamics  differ  from  case  to  case,  it  is  fair  to  state  that  almost  all  recent cases of radicalization in the West involve at least some digital footprint. Jihadists, whether structured groups or unaffiliated sympathizers, have long understood the importance of the Internet in general and social media, in particular. Zachary Chesser, one of the individuals studied  in  this  report,  fittingly  describes  social  media  as  “simply  the  most  dynamic  and  convenient form of media there is.” As the trend is likely to increase, understanding how individuals make the leap to actual militancy is critically important. This study is based on the analysis of the online activities of seven individuals. They share several key traits. All seven were born or raised in the United States. All seven were active in online and offline jihadist scene around the same time (mid‐ to late 2000s and early 2010s). All seven were either convicted for terrorism‐related offenses (or, in the case of two of the seven, were killed in terrorism‐related incidents.) The  intended  usefulness  of  this  study  is  not  in  making  the  case  for  monitoring  online  social media for intelligence purpose—an effort for which authorities throughout the West need little encouragement. Rather, the report is meant to provide potentially useful pointers in the  field  of  counter‐radicalization.  Over  the  past  ten  years  many  Western  countries  have  devised more or less extensive strategies aimed at preventing individuals from embracing radical ideas or de‐radicalizing (or favoring the disengagement) of committed militants. (Canada is also in the process of establishing its own counter‐radicalization strategy.)
    Date Created:
    2015-05-01

  • Assessing Vertical Constraints in Motion Picture Exhibition Contracts

    Resource Type:
    Research Paper
    Creator:
    Acheson, Keith and Liu, Xiguang
    Date Created:
    1998-03-19

  • Women’s Leadership Matters: The Impact Of Women’s Leadership In The Canadian Federal Public Service

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Morris, Marika
    Description:
    The study was initiated as Canada’s contribution to the Wilson’s Centre Global Women’s Leadership Initiative Women in Public Service Project initiated by Hilary Clinton when she was Secretary of State. In partnership with the Centre for Women in Politics and Public Leadership, Gender Equality Measurement Initiative, and Centre for Research on Women and Work at Carleton University and the Public Service Commission of Canada.
    Abstract:
    This study was undertaken to determine whether women in leadership positions in the Canadian federal Public Service (PS) have had an impact on policy, programs, operations, administration or workplace conditions, what that impact might be, and how to measure it. Drawing from qualitative interviews with current and retired Executives and Deputy Ministers in the Canadian federal public service, it provides recommendations and considerations around gender and impact moving forward.
    Date Created:
    2016-06-22

  • 2012 National Study of Work-Life Issues in Canadian Police Departments

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Higgins, Christopher and Duxbury, Linda E.
    Abstract:
    This report provides key findings and recommendations from a study of work-life conflict and employee well-being that involved 4500 police officers working for 25 police forces across Canada. Findings from this study should help police forces across Canada implement policies and practices that will help them thrive in a "sellers market for labour."
    Date Created:
    2012-03-01

  • 2012 National Study on Balancing Work and Caregiving in Canada

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Duxbury, Linda E. and Higgins, Christopher
    Abstract:
    The study examined work-life experiences of 25,000 Canadians who were employed full time in 71 public, private and not-for-profit organizations across all provinces and territories between June 2011 and June 2012. Two-thirds of survey respondents had incomes of $60,000 or more a year and two-thirds were parents. Previous studies were conducted in 1991 and 2001. “It is fascinating to see what has changed over time and what hasn’t,’’ said Duxbury. Among the findings: Most Canadian employees still work a fixed nine-to-five schedule – about two-thirds. Overall, the typical employee spends 50.2 hours in work-related activities a week. Just over half of employees take work home to complete outside regular hours. The use of flexible work arrangements such as a compressed work week (15 per cent) and flexible schedules (14 per cent) is much less common. Fifty-seven per cent of those surveyed reported high levels of stress. One-third of working hours are spent using email. Employees in the survey were twice as likely to let work interfere with family as the reverse. Work-life conflict was associated with higher absenteeism and lower productivity. Succession planning, knowledge transfer and change management are likely to be a problem for many Canadian organizations. There has been little career mobility within Canadian firms over the past several years.
    Date Created:
    2012-10-25

  • Education as a Positional Good: The Role of Vouchers

    Resource Type:
    Research Paper
    Creator:
    Chen, Zhiqi and West, Edwin
    Abstract:
    People's satisfaction from some goods and services depends on their relative as distinct from their absolute position as consumers. Such items are called "positional goods", and a restriction of their supply in the situation of general income growth is conducive to expenditure escalation as in an arms race. If education is a positional good in this sense, arrangements are needed that will best prevent such an outcome. The introduction of education vouchers of a value egual to the average per capita public school expenditure, it is argued, will only hinder not help. This is because some recipients will be tempted to obtain more education with marginal additions to their vouchers from their own pockets. Vouchers are thus welfare reducing because they encourage rather than discourage "arms race" situations. Using a formal median voter model we show that concerns over possible escalation of expenditure will prompt a majority of voters to reject a universal voucher system. We examine, as an alternative, a selective voucher system that will remove the escalation problem. Under this system only low-income families will receive vouchers. We demonstrate that the median voter will favor such a selective voucher system provided that the voucher-induced increase in competition lowers costs and/or improves guality of education.
    Date Created:
    1997-02-01

  • Portfolio Allocation over Life-Cycle with Multiple Late-in-Life Saving Motives

    Resource Type:
    Research Paper
    Creator:
    Lee, Minjoon
    Abstract:
    Older households face health-related risks, including risk of being in need of long-term care and mortality risk. How these risks affect financial portfolio choice of households depends on household preferences for long-term care and bequest. Using linked survey-administrative data on clients of a mutual fund company, this paper finds that the desire to have enough resources for long-term care and bequests are overall strong but also heterogeneous across households. The estimated relationship between actual stock share of households and the strength of these preferences is qualitatively similar but quantitatively much weaker compared to the predictions from the life-cycle model with the estimated preference heterogeneity. Based on the predictions from the model, this paper discusses what financial instruments would better meet the needs of households.
    Date Created:
    2018-07-22

  • Education for Experience: One View of Tibetan Tantric Initiation

    Resource Type:
    Research Paper
    Creator:
    Given, Brian J.
    Abstract:
    The ethnographic treatment of "rites de Passage" is discussed with reference to material relating to religious initiation. It is suggested that the major transitions engendered through the Tibetan Buddhist Tantric W a n g Kur rituals may be profitably analyzed not simply as changes in social status but rather as tools for the re-ordering of phenomenology which are designed to engender long-term alterations in the initiates' experience of the world. The initiation provides a rationale and instruction conjunctive with ritual technique which is consciously designed to globally and permanently alter the consciousness of the practitioner. Suggestions for studies of rites of passage which take into account this dimension of the ritual control of experience are offered.
    Date Created:
    1992-10-22

  • Relationships among Evaluative Criteria, Uncertainty, Organizational Size, and Performance: Empirical Evidence in Public Organizations

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Pollanen, Raili
    Abstract:
    This survey study of senior municipal administrators examines the use of evaluative criteria in managerial performance evaluation and extends previous findings in the public sector context. The results reveal that the use of evaluative criteria is very similar to that found in Otley and Pollanen's (2000) public-sector study, but significantly different from those reported in several private-sector studies. Substantially lower proportions of budget-based criteria are found in both public-sector studies than in private-sector studies. Performance is higher under low- than high-uncertainty conditions and in larger than smaller organizations. The findings suggest that different evaluative criteria may be appropriate in the public and he findings suggest that different evaluative criteria may be appropriate in the public and private sectors, and that uncertainty and organizational size may affect performance.
    Date Created:
    2007-02-01

  • A Critique of Partial Least Squares, and a Preliminary Assessement of an Alternative Estimation Method

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Thomas, Roland, Cedzynski, Marzena, and Lu, Irene
    Abstract:
    Partial least squares (PLS) is sometimes used as an alternative to covariance-based structural equation modeling (SEM). This paper briefly reviews currently available SEM techniques, and provides a critique of the perceived advantages of PLS over covariance-based SEM as commonly cited by PLS users. Specific attention is drawn to the primary disadvantage of PLS, namely the lack of consistency of its parameter estimates. The instrumental variables (IV) /two stage least squares (2SLS) method of estimation is then described and presented as a potential alternative to PLS that might yield its perceived advantages without succumbing to its primary disadvantage. Preliminary simulation results show that: PLS parameter estimates exhibit substantial bias when the number of items is moderate; SEM-based methods yield lower bias; and IV/2SLS estimates may indeed provide a viable ordinary least squares (OLS)-based alternative to PLS.
    Date Created:
    2007-02-01

  • The Strategic Dimensions of information Systems Capability: An Evolutionary and Resource-based View

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Grant, Gerald and Liebenau, Jonathan
    Abstract:
    Research emphasizing evolutionary and resource-based perspectives of the firm highlights the importance of core capabilities as sources of superior performance, and views capabilities in computer-based IT systems as instrumental in leading to strategic advantage. However, the asymmetrical results from such systems present a somewhat confusing picture as to the key issues that managers should be addressing. We present an approach to IS capability development that applies a combined evolutionary and resource-based perspective. We propose that IS capability is determined along three strategic dimensions and will result from effective and sustained efforts in three complementary areas that are discussed in this paper. We use three case studies to illustrate the use of the proposed IS capability framework in analyzing information systems in organizations.
    Date Created:
    2007-02-01

  • The Four or Five Barred Cage: The Consequences of Hofstede's View of Culture

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Cray, David
    Abstract:
    A study of citations in four prominent journals indicates how deeply Hofstede's conceptualization dominates the understanding of culture in international business research. The implications of this intellectual hegemony for the development of the field are examined After considering some critiques of Hofstede's approach, three diverse alternatives to the value-based approach are discussed.
    Date Created:
    2007-02-01

  • A Model of International Product and International Destination Relationships

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Elliot, Statia and Papadopoulos, Nicolas G.
    Abstract:
    Potential synergies between international trade and tourism are viewed optimistically by governments, yet research to assess their association is limited. To gain an understanding of trade and tourism relationships, this paper reports on a study which examines both product-related and tourism-related place image effects on consumer behavior simultaneously. Using the U.S. as the country of focus, key product and travel relationships are measured by structural equation modeling of consumer data from South Korea. Findings support the cross-over effect between one's beliefs about a country as a destination and as a producer, and one's willingness to travel to it and/or buy its products, and most strongly, that product beliefs affect views of travel destinations.
    Date Created:
    2007-02-01

  • Review of Management Control Systems in Their Organizational and Environmental Context : Managerial Perspective and Control Typology

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Pollanen, Raili
    Abstract:
    This paper provides a critical review of literature on management controls and their context. The review indicates that more emphasis has been placed on organizational than environmental factors and that the effectiveness of different controls in different contexts remains practically unaddressed. In general, research has been ad hoc and focused on results-oriented financial controls, short-term efficiency, and individual level of analysis. Even for commonly studied topics (e.g., budget controls), evidence has often been inconsistent and limited to manufacturing organizations, with little integration and refinement of previous theoretical models based on new evidence. Further research is required to investigate the relative importance of different financial and nonfinancial controls in different types of organizations in order to develop more comprehensive performance measurement and management frameworks.
    Date Created:
    2007-02-01

  • The Use of Affect in Positioning Strategy

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Murphy, Steven, Butt, Ifran, and Papadopoulos, Nicolas G.
    Abstract:
    This paper examines the role of affect in marketing positioning strategy and individual positioning judgements. We examine affect in both the marketing and positioning literatures and argue that vestiges of the dual mind perspective are alive and well in positioning. Viewing 'thinking' and 'feeling' as entirely separate (as in utilitarian vs. hedonic product distinctions) runs counter to advances in neuroscience and devalues individual differences and brain functioning. As a result of our own coding of positioning dimensions, we advocate for a greater understanding of the complex interplay between affect and cognition in positioning strategy and judgements.
    Date Created:
    2007-02-01

  • IT Capabilities and Firm Performance: A Resource-based, Alliance Perspective

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Addas, Shamel and Pinsonneault, Alain
    Abstract:
    Information technology-based alliances are rapidly spreading in organizations, which calls upon researchers to develop an adequate theoretical lens to examine this phenomenon and its key associated outcomes, such as the business performance of alliance firms. However, strategic alliances are mostly examined from a transaction cost economics perspective, and the results on performance are inconclusive at best. This paper proposes an alternative lens - the resource-based view - and applies an extended version of it to explain the performance of firms in IT-based alliances. A conceptual model is developed that examines the impact of shared information technology resources on firm performance. Also, a measurement scale for these resources is developed and preliminarily validated.
    Date Created:
    2007-02-01

  • L'entrepreneuriat social, mieux connaître Ie concept

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Brouard, Francois
    Abstract:
    Entrepreneurship is a recognized concept both for research and practice. It is possible to find university courses, research published in specialized journals, associations dedicated to entrepreneurship promotion and governmental support. In a regional economic development context, a special form of entrepreneurship could achieve other objectives. Social entrepreneurship is an emergent concept earning more popularity than ever around the planet. However the concept is not well known. The objective of the paper is to present an overview of the social entrepreneurship concept.
    Date Created:
    2007-02-01

  • Technology Scanning Scale Dimensions

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Alam, M. S.
    Abstract:
    The paper identifies the characteristics of firm activities that constitute its technology scanning dynamic capability, which enables the firm to translate information about customer needs into information about tangible ways to introduce new products and services to satisfy those needs. The ability to find a specific actionable way to address customer needs is proposed to be measured by a latent construct called technology scanning. Using the literature on marketing, innovation management, knowledge management, new product development, and economics, five dimensions are identified for a technology scanning scale. A strong presence of 'technology scanning' ensures that the firm's resources are targeted to find the solution of the problems that matters most, the ones that were identified as a consequence of high level of market orientation of the firm. This work would shed some light on how managers might solve the problems and needs of the customers identified through market orientation practices. When market orientation guides technology scanning activities, the outcomes are more desirable to the firm.
    Date Created:
    2007-04-01

  • What Do We Know About Collaborative Maturity? : A Review of the Literature and Research Track

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Daoudi, Jaouad and Bourgault, Mario
    Abstract:
    Working in collaborative and dispersed (C&D) settings is now common for project teams, especially for those active in multinational companies or in international contexts. The concept of "collaborative maturity" has recently been proposed by various authors in order to identify and measure the competence of a firm working in C&D mode. Many models of collaborative maturity have been proposed, reflecting the increasing importance of this area of research. However, the existing literature is spread among multiple journals in various fields of research. For a better understanding of collaborative maturity and how it is measured, a thorough literature review is conducted and an extension of existing research is proposed. This will serve as the theoretical background for future empirical research. The results should be useful for project managers and academicians with an interest in C&D projects.
    Date Created:
    2007-04-01

  • Furthering Collaborative Strategic Management Theory: Process Model and Factors Per Phase

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Clarke, Amelia
    Abstract:
    Social problems, such unsustainable development, can be too large for any one organization to tackle alone so are increasingly being addressed through cross-sector multi-organizational collaborations. One of the approaches being taken is formulating and implementing a collective (alternatively named collaborative) strategy. Despite the increasing usage of collaborative strategic management in practice, there is relatively little literature on this approach, particularly when considering the implementation of the collaborative strategy. This paper builds on existing interorganizational collaboration theory and organizational strategy implementation theory to determine: 1) a conceptual process model of collaborative strategic management; and 2) factors which affect each phase of cross-sectoral social-oriented collaborative strategic managment.
    Date Created:
    2007-04-01

  • Out of the Closet: An Exploration of the Role of Work Dress

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Dyke, Lorraine and Elliot, Statia
    Abstract:
    Despite the prevalence of formal and informal standards for employee attire, research on its role is limited. Social psychological theories suggest that work attire can be a meaningful, expressive symbol associated with one's occupational identity. Organizational theories suggest that work attire can affect both individual and organizational outcomes. Bridging these perspectives, this study considers work attire's potential to influence micro and macro organizational dynamics. A framework of the dimensions influencing factors and outcomes of work dress is used to assess the results of a poll of members of the Canadian Forces, an organization whose work attire is highly conspicuous and rigidly homogeneous. Though a slight majority of participants responded that their uniform did not impact their operational focus, comments indicate both organizational influences and individual concerns with specific attributes of attire. Attitudes toward work attire may be indicative of broader issues of organizational identity.
    Date Created:
    2007-04-01

  • Making Sense of Nonsense in Hong Kong

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Friedman, Perley-Ann
    Abstract:
    This paper identifies some of the challenges facing expatriates using an autoethnographic account of situations experienced by the author during her first year of work at a financial services company in Hong Kong. These experiences reveal an erratic business world of apparent nonsense and uncertainty, incomprehensible to an outsider. The challenges facing expatriates stem from the stress and anxiety affecting their work, family and social interactions within the foreign culture. Success in the new environment is dependent on the expatriate's ability to adjust to the new culture. An overview of the current research on the expatriate experience is provided to help the reader make sense of the autoethnographic situations.
    Date Created:
    2007-04-01

  • Towards Measuring the Personality of Performing Arts Awards: Scale Development and Theoretical Implications

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Georgie, Vincent E.
    Abstract:
    This paper will provide insight into the personality dimensions that can be attributed to performing arts awards, and thus generate a scale to measure these dimensions. This area of work rests upon the idea that there is self-concept congruency between a viewer and product or service, and that there are instances where attributes of a human nature can be, in fact, attributed to them. The study will look particularly at a mixed sample of televised performing arts awards shows (The Academy Awards, The Prime-Time Emmy Awards, The Tony Awards, The Grammy Awards and The Golden Globe Awards) and the various motivations and interests of viewers to watch, or not watch, such shows. Based upon its position in the literature and its intended contribution, this study will propose a four-step scale development process.
    Date Created:
    2007-04-01

  • The Internationalization of Malaysian Firms into Foreign Markets

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Ismail, Jannatul Firdaus
    Abstract:
    Available data indicate that economic conditions, exports performance and foreign direct investment from Malaysia increased significantly in the 1990s. Existing literature on the internationalization of firms is based on the study of firms from developed countries and does not directly apply to the case of firms based in developing economies, and Malaysia particularly. Based on this phenomenon, this study attempts to examine the process of internationalization among Malaysian firms into the foreign markets and compare the internationalization process of Malaysian firms with other developed countries. This study will contribute to the knowledge gap with empirical data from rapidly internationalizing firms, in respect of the Malaysian firms' experiences, organizational learning and capability creation that will offer fruitful approaches to understanding the dynamic of firms' expansion. The resulting model could assist policy makers to improve existed support programs for businesses to overcome barriers and enhance performance in internationalization process.
    Date Created:
    2007-04-01

  • Theoretical Progression of Work and Life Relationship: A Historical Perspective

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Miri Lavassani, Kayvan and Movahedi, Bahar
    Abstract:
    In this study we will discuss the historical changes in the work and life relationship which resulted in development of new theories. After an introduction to work-life relationships, different theories of work and life are presented in the second section of this paper. These theories are categories intro three generations based on their characteristics in the historical evolution of work-life studies. In the third section measures of work and life spillovers are described. In section four, critiques of the current methodologies which is being used in the work and life studies are presented. Discussion section which is presented in following section includes some arguments regarding the ways to select the most appropriate theories for work-life studies. Also in this section some recommendations are presented for enhancing the commonly used methodologies of the research on work and life relationships. Finally, in the last section, some recommendations for future studies are presented.
    Date Created:
    2007-04-01

  • A Product of 'His' Time? Exploring the Construct of the Ideal Manager in the Cold War Era

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Mills, Albert J. and McLaren, Patricia Genoe
    Abstract:
    Managers are often measured against an ideal that is treated as a tangible object which is stable across generations. It is the contention of this paper that the ideal manager is, in fact, a social construct that is a product of the political and social context within which it exists. Different periods in time create unique typifications of the construct, and the ideal manager is not independent of its environment. The socially constructed nature of the ideal manager will be illustrated through the analysis of the construct at one specific point in time, the internal Cold War in the years following the Second World War and ending in 1960. While widely studied in most disciplines, the Cold War has been largely ignored in the management literature, and therefore provides us with a unique perspective from which to assess the impact of context on the standard to which managers are held.
    Date Created:
    2007-04-01

  • How Does the Stage of a Contract Affect Performance: Evidence from Professional Basketball

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Mirowska, Agata
    Abstract:
    This study uses theories of motivation to analyze how performance changes over the life of a contract. Utilizing performance data for professional basketball players in the NBA for three seasons, the results show that performance does change over the life of a contract. Factors affecting how much control a player has over his performance are found to be important in how the players' performance changes as the contract completion nears.
    Date Created:
    2007-04-01

  • How May I Help You? Conceptualizing the Benefits of High Performance Work Practices on Emotional Labour Pressures in the Hospitality Industry

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Murray, William
    Abstract:
    The hospitality industry relies on front-line staff members to provide high quality service experiences to encourage repeat business. Unlike the manufacturing industry that separates the production of goods from the delivery to customers, professionals in the hospitality industry realize that customers evaluate their "product" through perceived service quality levels (Ottenbacher & Howley, 2005). Although types of service may differ, industry operators and researchers agree that both customer satisfaction and service quality are critical prerequisites for customer retention (Cronin & Taylor, 1992). Consistent service quality demands a workforce with strong emotional display management skills; however, displays of unfelt feelings, or "acting", can create intense emotional strain for service providers. This paper will examine the emotional labour pressures experienced by service workers and outline theoretical mitigating influences provided by high performance work practices (HPWP). Links will be drawn between decreased employee turnover, increased customer satisfaction and customer retention.
    Date Created:
    2007-04-01

  • Code of Ethics: A Conceptual Model and Preliminary Results

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Pawliw, Pierre
    Abstract:
    Academic research into codes of ethics has given us valuable information on the subject but has failed to provide an all-encompassing understanding of the contents of actual codes. This paper looks at what is presently known about this subject, presents a conceptual model that integrates the different elements that go into a code of ethics, describes the dynamics that explains why each company's code of ethics has a distinct content, and presents preliminary results obtained after having analyzed a cross-section of the code of ethics of member companies of the Ethics and Compliance Officer Association.
    Date Created:
    2007-04-01

  • Involuntary Downsizing: The Impact of a Labour Shortage

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Pyper, Rhonda L.
    Abstract:
    Labour shortages are imminent in a variety of different industries, particularly those that require high levels of skills. Organizations will need to plan for these shortages as many of the solutions will have fairly long lead times before an impact is felt. One area from which short-term gains may be achieved is the reduction of voluntary turnover, particularly the loss of productive employees. An area with potential for longer-term success in combating the labour shortage is in restructuring. Through restructuring, organizations can redesign the work processes so that when employees do leave, the position will have to be reworked and a replacement may not be needed. The organization will be shrinking in headcount, but it will remain as productive as it was before downsizing due to efficiencies gained; it will have successfully navigated "involuntary downsizing". The purpose of this paper is to develop the concept of involuntary downsizing" by expanding the definition of downsizing to include situations in which organizations are competing in diminishing labour markets. Similar to the current concept of downsizing, organizations will need to accomplish more, with fewer resources; however, the cause of the downsizing and the solutions that are available will be different.
    Date Created:
    2007-04-01

  • The Positive Effects of Incivility in the Context of the Armed Forces: Exploring Work Context as a Moderator of Incivility

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Rostis, Adam
    Abstract:
    In the typology of harassment and aggression in the workplace, workplace incivility is situated as a non-aggressive, low intensity form of deviant behaviour with an uncertain intent to cause harm. The importance of incivility to organizational theory and human resource management is that it may have a negative effect on organizational outcomes and more importantly it may be a precursor for more overt forms of workplace violence. Two potential influences on the effects of incivility are personality and workplace context; the latter of these two has not been sufficiently explored in the literature. This paper will take one step towards addressing this gap by examining the ways in which incivility is moderated in the context of military organizations. The result of this contextual examination of incivility will be a proposal that incivility may have a positive effect through the development of coping strategies for stressful situations encountered by armed forces.
    Date Created:
    2007-04-01

  • A Markovian Simulation-based Model for Predicting the Breakage Factor in Loyalty Programs Industry

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Nsakanda, Aaron
    Abstract:
    One problem faced by a profit center loyalty reward program firm is that of determining the percentage of the points (the so called "breakage factor or "breakage rate" in loyalty programs industry) accumulated each year that end up not ever being redeemed by members, and that should therefore, be recognized as revenue in the establishment of the periodical financial statements. A higher breakage rate will contribute to increase the net income and profitability on the financial statements. This in turn would offer a competitive advantage to a firm in attracting and pricing new third party partners, developing company strategic plans, and managing the overall yearly reward capacity. In this paper, we propose a quantitative methodology for determining the breakage rate in Loyalty Reward Programs (LRP). The proposed methodology is a simulation-based approach in which the accumulation and redemption of "points" is modeled as a stochastic process. An application of the approach to a real-life context is discussed.
    Date Created:
    2007-11-01

  • Putting the Romance Back in Teams: Is Trust the Key to Unlock Knowledge Sharing?

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Tuer, Frances L.
    Abstract:
    One reason teams are seen to be a high-performance work practice (HPWP) is that the diversity of team member knowledge, skills and abilities, known as cognitive resource diversity supposedly brings new perspectives, information, ideas and resources to the solution of problems and the exploration and exploitation of opportunities. However, to date the performance of heterogeneous teams has been disappointing with the most common finding being increased conflict. Based on social identity and social exchange theories and building onto Mayer, Davis & Schoorman's (1995) classic integrative model of trust, this paper proposes that trust is a critical mediator in the relationship between cognitive resource diversity and within-team knowledge sharing.
    Date Created:
    2007-04-01

  • The Strategic Dimensions of Information Systems Capability: An Evolutionary and Resource-based View

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Sangwan, Hemant, Yu, Ma, and Nitin, Mehta
    Abstract:
    The paper addresses important issues regarding how consumers' purchase decisions in a product category are influenced by market mix variables in other categories. We propose a structural analysis of multi-category purchase decisions, where we simultaneously model and estimate consumers' purchase incidence, brand choice and quantity choice decisions across multiple product categories. Addtionally, we study the role played by umbrella brands in influencing the decision made by consumers. We propose a structural model where all the three decisions are derived from the consumer's global utility maximization. Such structural analysis is important from the perspective of (i) a retailer whose objective is to maximize profits over all product categories, and (ii) a manufacturer whose objective is to maximize profits over its entire product line. Our analysis highlights the importance of studying consumers' purchase decisions in a multi-category context which can not be addressed by studying each category in seclusion.
    Date Created:
    2007-04-01

  • What Are the Pay Equity Implications of Expatriate Compensation?

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Skowronski, Mark
    Abstract:
    Identification of effective and cost-efficient compensation practices for recruiting and retaining expatriate employees is becoming increasingly important in today's global labor market. This paper proposes a study to investigate perceptions of fair compensation for expatriate employment using the tenets of equity theory. Participants will specify an "equitable" monetary bonus for hypothetical overseas assignments of different lengths and locations. Relying on Konopaske's and Werner's (2002) propositions, the author predicts the following: 1) Short-term overseas assignments will require a larger "foreign service premium" (monetary bonus) than domestic relocation, 2) Long-term expatriate assignments will require a larger premium than short-term or domestic relocation, and 3) Relocation to a developing country will require a larger premium than relocation to an advanced industrialized nation or to a domestic location. A methodology and data analysis strategy are described.
    Date Created:
    2007-04-01

  • Income Trusts and Growth : Empirical Evidence

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Sun, Chengye
    Abstract:
    This paper provides empirical evidence on the growth, financing activity, and operating performance of Canadian business income trusts. We find that business income trusts are growing in terms of total assets and sales revenues. They frequently acquire other businesses in post-IPO period. We also find that income trusts are likely to issue third-party debt to finance acquisitions. Median operating return on total assets decreases after an business income trust IPO, indicating an operating performance inferior to that in pre-lPO years.
    Date Created:
    2007-04-01

  • Layers Of Discrimination: Income inequalities Between Female Minority Populations and Other Groups

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Papadopoulos, Nicolas G., Dyke, Lorraine, and Ambwani, Vinita
    Abstract:
    This paper reviews the existing evidence for dual discrimination based on gender and ethnicity for minority/immigrant women. It focuses on income inequalities between minority/immigrant women and other groups. The effects of human capital, occupational segregation, sector segregation and discrimination or stereotyping on earnings gap are identified. The paper also proposes that a preponderance of minority females in certain occupations may result in a devaluation of wages and lowering of prestige in these occupations. The unique set of stressors experienced by minority/immigrant women that may affect access to jobs as well as performance on the job are also discussed.
    Date Created:
    2007-11-01

  • Critical Theory in MIS Research, 1990-2001 : Looking Back and Moving Forward

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Neilson, Leighann
    Abstract:
    A review of five major journals in the Management Information Systems (MIS) field reveals that the majority of research articles engaging with Critical Theory, from the period 1990 to 2001, are of a conceptual nature, focusing primarily on systems development. Two reasons are suggested for the comparatively low level of engagement with Critical Theory in empirical research efforts: lack of a critical theory method and reluctance to engage with the theory's emancipatory commitments. A critical theory method that encompasses both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods is advanced. In addition, a more practiceoriented way of thinking about emancipation is proposed.
    Date Created:
    2007-11-01

  • The Role of Behavioural Activation and Inhibition in Advertising Appeals

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Papadopoulos, Nicolas G. and Murphy, Steven
    Abstract:
    Advertising appeals are central to the effectiveness of advertising and have been studied extensively. However, past research has focused primarily on examining the effects of one or another type of appeal on consumers, and little is known about the concept of an advertising appeal itself. As part of a broader program intended to address this gap, this paper examines the role of underlying motivational forces in the development of consumer attributions regarding advertising appeals. More specifically, we are centrally concerned with examining under what conditions emotion states, personality traits, and underlying motivations may lead to product judgements and subsequent (purchase) behaviour.
    Date Created:
    2007-11-01

  • Competitive and Value Effects of Bank Privatization in Developed Countries

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Otchere, Isaac
    Abstract:
    This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the performance of privatized banks in developed countries. Consistent with the competitive effects hypothesis which asserts that privatization could hurt rivals, we find that the rival banks reacted negatively to news of bank privatization in developed countries. The competitive effects are stronger in cases where government ownership decreases significantly. Contrary to the findings of prior studies that examine the performance of privatized banks in developing countries, we find that privatized banks in developed countries experienced significant improvements in operating performance and stock market performance in the post privatization period.
    Date Created:
    2007-11-01

  • Collaboration in Combating Identity Fraud

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    de Grosbois, Danuta, Kumar, Uma, and Kumar, Vinod D.
    Abstract:
    The problem of identity theft is complex, spans the boundaries of many organizations, companies and countries, and affects numerous entities in different ways at different times. However, given the nature of the problem, it is extremely difficult and costly for an individual or an organization to fight it on its own. An increasing number of practitioners and researchers have started to indicate that the success of identity theft management relies on joint efforts of different stakeholders. Collaboration, generally defined as 'working together to some end' is believed to have the potential of delivering numerous benefits to its participants when properly executed. This paper discusses different aspects of collaboration efforts undertaken by organizations in order to fight identity theft.
    Date Created:
    2007-11-01

  • Measures of Identity Fraud

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Kumar, Vinod D., Movahedi, Bahar, Lavassani, Kayvan, and Kumar, Uma
    Abstract:
    Identity fraud (IDF) is the fastest growing white-collar crime in many countries and specifically in developed countries. IDF is not a new phenomenal in human societies; the history of IDF can be traced back to hundreds of years ago. What has made it the center of attention in the past few years is the acceleration in the frequency and the impacts of IDF to individuals and businesses. One of the preliminary steps in managing IDF as a global phenomenon is to understand the scope of the problem and measure its different aspects. By realizing the importance of developing measurement systems in this area, and the recognition of a gap in this area of research, this study presents the previous approaches in developing IDF measurement systems, and uses them as benchmarks for developing and proposing a comprehensive measurement system for assessing IDF.
    Date Created:
    2007-11-01

  • Brand Extensions: The Role of Target Category Competition and Dominant Brand

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Kapoor, Harish and Heslop, Louise A.
    Abstract:
    Past research on brand extension evaluation does not incorporate the effects of the target category structure and competition from the existing brand. This paper reports the findings of an exploratory experimental study that shows the effects of competition on the evaluation of brand extensions and potential implications of the dominant brand in the target category.
    Date Created:
    2007-02-01

  • The Role of Export Processing Zones in Development and International Marketing Strategy

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Malhotra, Shavin and Papadopoulos, Nicolas G.
    Abstract:
    Export Processing Zones (EPZs) are areas within developing countries where business is offered special incentives and a barrier-free environment in order to promote economic growth by attracting foreign investment for export-oriented production. Most developing countries now have EPZs, and the number of zones, number of firms operating within them, and volume of business are growing rapidly. Yet studies of the EPZ phenomenon by business researchers are virtually non-existent, leading to poor understanding of its role in international marketing. This paper draws from the economics literature to provide an integrative review of the EPZ concept, discusses its importance for host nations and international business, and provides suggestions for future research.
    Date Created:
    2007-02-01

  • Reaching New Heights after Falling to the Depths: Recovering from a Country Image Faux Pas

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Lu, Irene, Cray, David, and Heslop, Louise A.
    Abstract:
    Surveys of Australian consumers before and after French nuclear testing in the Pacific show clear evidence of negative responses of consumers to the 1995 testing. Although evaluations of French products did not decline, evaluations of France and the French did. However, by 2005 ratings of French products and France had more than recovered. A model of effects among country and product belief sets is proposed and tested. The model is strongly supported and helpful in understanding the process of image recover.
    Date Created:
    2007-02-01

  • Climbing to New Heights: Lessons From Mount Everest on PCI and TDI Convergence

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Nadeau, John, Luk, Peter, O'Reilly, Norman, and Heslop, Louise A.
    Abstract:
    This paper applies attitude theory to assess the influence of beliefs and evaluations of Nepal with desired linkages and travel intentions. The main contribution is to connect TDI and PCI research by testing a general country image model in a tourism context. Attitude theory acts as the connection between the two fields.
    Date Created:
    2007-02-01

  • Implementation of Quality Management Practice in E-Commerce

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Shareef, Mahmud Akhter, Kumar, Vinod D., and Kumar, Uma
    Abstract:
    Implementation of quality management practice in E-Commerce (EC) is a relatively new challenging area to researchers and managers. Proliferation of EC provides an opportunity to quality management gurus to reshape quality dimensions suitable for real sustainability, expansion, and success of EC. Based on the underpinning principles of Total Quality Management (TQM) and quality management practice this paper focuses on the quality dimensions required for launching a successful EC as the competitive edge in gaining market leadership. This article postulates a model to integrate quality management in EC.
    Date Created:
    2007-11-01

  • The New Age of Accounting Regulation Canada and the United States

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Pollanen, Raili and Pollanen, Eric M.
    Abstract:
    This paper reviews major differences between the accounting regulatory systems in Canada and the United States. In the U.S., the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 governs responsibilities of management, auditors, and Boards of Directors related to internal control over financial reporting. In Canada, a series of Multilateral Instruments under provincial jurisdiction serves similar objectives. As compared to the U.S., the Canadian system is more decentralized and principles-based allowing a greater degree of responsibility to the accounting profession for standard setting and oversight. The Canadian approach has resulted in weaker regulation, slower implementation, and greater influence by the accounting profession. These findings imply that accounting regulations should be tailored to fit the political and institutional structures of the adopting country.
    Date Created:
    2007-11-01

  • Critical Success Factors in Technology Transfer from Government Laboratories to Private Sector

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Kumar, Uma and Uruthirapathy, Aareni
    Abstract:
    Each year the Canadian government allocates a significant amount of money for science and technology. A major portion of this allocation goes for R& D. In order to enjoy adequate return, technologies that are developed in Canadian federal labs need to be transferred to the public effectively. There are critical factors in technology transfer which play a key role in determining the effectiveness of this transfer process. This study examines the technical, organizational, and people factors which can enhance technology transfer from government laboratories.
    Date Created:
    2007-11-01

  • Organizational Characteristics of B2B Adopters in the Canadian Manufacturing Sector

    Resource Type:
    Article
    Creator:
    Kumar, Vinod D., Fuksa, Michael, and Kumar, Uma
    Abstract:
    This paper presents selected preliminary results from a study of B2B e-commerce adoption by Canadian manufacturing firms. The goal of the broad research project IS to describe the behaviour of Canadian manufacturers with respect to adoption of B2B technologies and to identify factors which distinguish adopters from non-adopters of B2B. The study focuses on the organizational characteristics of adopters of B2B e-commerce technologies and attempts to outline the features which differentiate them from non-adopters. Preliminary analysis shows the existence of three distinct B2B adopter types: non-adopters, partial-adopters and full-adopters. Leadership related variables appear to be the most important determinants of adoption.
    Date Created:
    2007-11-01

  • Fundraising Methods: Past, Present, Future

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Armenakyan, Anahit, Brouard, Francois, and Neilson, Leighann
    Abstract:
    The term ‘fundraising methods’ refers to the tactics used by charities to generate current or future monies and gifts in kind to provide services to clients, fund research, and cover administrative costs. Under conditions of reduced financial support from government, fundraising is an important, even critical, source of revenue for charities. Equally important is access to accurate information on fundraising methods used by charities in Canada. This paper traces the evolution of fundraising data collected by Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) over the last ten years, compares definitions employed by CRA with examples drawn from the academic and practitioner literatures, and highlights methods not currently being tracked by the T3010 Registered Charity Information Return.
    Date Created:
    2012-10-31

  • Small Charities: An Analysis of Change in Fundraising Activities

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Brouard, Francois, Armenakyan, Anahit, and Neilson, Leighann
    Abstract:
    This research project is an examination of change in the fundraising activities employed by small Canadian registered charities (defined as registered charities with total annual revenues under $100,000) over the ten year period from 2000 to 2009. Utilizing data from the Registered Charity Information Returns (T3010) filed by charities with the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA), the study provides a profile of fundraising methods used, examining trends in types and number of fundraising methods utilized over the ten year period. We analyze variation in terms of size, designation type (charitable organization/public foundation /private foundation), location (rural/urban), charitable activity (welfare, religion, education, health, benefit to the community, other), orientation (religious/secular), and geographic region (each province and territory, western Canada/central Canada/Maritimes/territories).
    Date Created:
    2012-10-31

  • Ice Island Deterioration Model Technical Manual

    Resource Type:
    Other
    Creator:
    Sazidy, Mahmud
    Abstract:
    Water and Ice Research Lab at Carleton University investigating ice island drift and deterioration in Eastern Canada for several years. As part of this on-going research, the WIRL is interested in developing a numerical tool to understand the role of large scale fracture or calving event in ice island deterioration. This technical manual is prepared to provide a step-bystep guidance on how the deterioration model can be developed using simple methodology and procedure in commercial Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software package LS DYNA. The manual demonstrates the procedure with example problems, and addresses various issues that may encounter in future modelling. This manual will be updated with time.
    Date Created:
    2020-01-17

  • Effective Community Project Planning for Academics

    Resource Type:
    Other
    Creator:
    Bokore, Nimo
    Date Created:
    2019-08-01

  • Effective Collaborative Research Project Plan for Community Organizations

    Resource Type:
    Other
    Creator:
    Bokore, Nimo
    Date Created:
    2019-08-01

  • Effective Project Planning for Students

    Resource Type:
    Other
    Creator:
    Bokore, Nimo
    Date Created:
    2019-08-01

  • The Canada Learning Bond, financial capability and tax-filing: Results from an online survey of low and modest income parents

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Robson, Jennifer
    Abstract:
    Previous research has identified several likely causes of eligible non-participation in the Canada Learning Bond (CLB), including awareness, financial exclusion, and administrative barriers. This study expands on that research, with a particular focus on the role of tax-filing as an administrative obstacle to accessing the CLB. I present results from an online survey of low and modest income parents (n=466) conducted in 2021. We find that, even among parents reporting they have received the CLB (46%), a majority (51%) report low confidence in their familiarity with the program, and more than one in six (17%) are unaware of the need to file tax returns to maintain eligibility for annual CLB payments. Self-reported regular tax-filing is associated with a 59% increase in the probability of accessing the CLB, even when controlling for a range of parental characteristics. This study confirms previous work by Harding and colleagues (2019) that non-filing may explain some share of eligible non-participation in education savings incentives. Tax-filing services may be an important pathway to improve CLB access. Low and modest income parents show substantial diversity in their preferred filing methods and outreach efforts cannot be concentrated in only one avenue if they are to be successful. The study also tests a small ‘nudge’ to address gaps in awareness and finds that information-only approaches to outreach are likely to have limited success, even with motivated populations.
    Date Created:
    2022-03-31

  • A History of Aboriginal Programming at Carleton University

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Lawless, Jo-Anne M.
    Description:
    Commissioned by: The School of Indigenous and Canadian Studies, Carleton University. Prepared by: Jo-Anne M. Lawless, PhD Student, School of Indigenous and Canadian Studies, Under the supervision of: Dr. Kahente Horn-Miller, Associate Professor
    Abstract:
    This history begins with an examination of Carleton's first acknowledgements of Indigenous peoples in their media offerings and course calendars, and follows the trajectory of academic and administrative initiatives in regard to Aboriginal programming, from the early 1940s to the present. While the report traces the ongoing efforts toward Indigenous inclusion at Carleton University, it is also a reflection of the contemporaneous social changes of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
    Date Created:
    2016-04-30

  • Political Contestation about International Economic Agreements: Lessons for the Canada-UK Trade Relationship after Brexit.

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Chalmers, Adam William, Hurrelmann, Achim, Atikcan, Ece Özlem, and Viju, Crina
    Date Created:
    2018-11-30

  • Attending (to) class : An intersectional study of COVID-19 adaptation in Canada, Kenya and Sierra Leone Universities : Report on the Carleton University research

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Racioppo, Michael, Buss, Doris, George, Sarah, Kumah, Cynthia, Ekpedeme, Edem, Ibrahim, Aisha, Rutherford, Blair A, and Kinyanjui, Sarah
    Date Created:
    2021-09-30

  • Perspectives on management learning in the digital economy

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Brouchard, Alex, Campbell, Ryan, Chavoshi, Siavash, and Webb, Andrew
    Abstract:
    The digital economy, which was once considered as a panacea, is becoming increasingly viewed as a grand societal challenge – a problem that not only presents significant barriers to many people but is also so complex that it cannot be tackled by any one single organization. Mangers influence how the components of the global digital infrastructure, such as data analytics, artificial intelligence, and robotics impact society. However, mitigating the broad-gauged impacts of the digital economy, like its impact on the nature of work, would benefit from new ideas about manger’s roles in the digital economy. Framed in a management learning perspective, this study collates what we know, and what we need to know, about management and the digital economy. Overall, this paper suggests that managers need to learn new habits of thought to build a more balanced, equitable, and sustainable version of digital economy. Perspectives on how to design management learning environments to help managers think of, then implement, a digital ecosystem rather than a digital economy will contribute to ongoing debates about management learning that will advance positive transformations of the nature of work.
    Date Created:
    2022-01-28

  • Canadian jobs amid a pandemic: examining the relationship between professional industry and salary to regional key performance indicators

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Patsula, Michael, Tran, Christopher, Wang, Christopher, Khalil, Hoda, Dick, Kevin, Melone, Benjamin, Wainer, Gabriel, and Anilkumar, Rahul
    Abstract:
    The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to massive rates of unemployment and greater uncertainty in the job market. There is a growing need for data-driven tools and analyses to better inform the public on trends within the job market. In particular, obtaining a “snapshot” of available employment opportunities mid-pandemic promises insights to inform policy and support retraining programs. In this work, we combine data scraped from the Canadian Job Bank and Numbeo globally crowd-sourced repository to explore the relationship between job postings during a global pandemic and Key Performance Indicators (e.g. quality of life index, cost of living) for major cities across Canada. This analysis aims to help Canadians make informed career decisions, collect a “snapshot” of the Canadian employment opportunities amid a pandemic, and inform job seekers in identifying the correct fit between the desired lifestyle of a city and their career. We collected a new high-quality dataset of job postings from jobbank.gc.ca obtained with the use of ethical web scraping and performed exploratory data analysis on this dataset to identify job opportunity trends. When optimizing for average salary of job openings with quality of life, affordability, cost of living, and traffic indices, it was found that Edmonton, AB consistently scores higher than the mean, and is therefore an attractive place to move. Furthermore, we identified optimal provinces to relocate to with respect to individual skill levels. It was determined that Ajax, Marathon, and Chapleau, ON are each attractive cities for IT professionals, construction workers, and healthcare workers respectively when maximizing average salary. Finally, we publicly release our scraped dataset as a mid-pandemic snapshot of Canadian employment opportunities and present a public web application that provides an interactive visual interface that summarizes our findings for the general public and the broader research community.
    Date Created:
    2022-06-08

  • Media and Internet Concentration in Canada 1984 – 2017

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Winseck, Dwayne
    Description:
    Part of a series from the CMCRP - visit the CMCRP website for additional background. See also the related overview Poster - Canada’s Top Media, Internet & Telecom Companies by Market Share (2017) The workbook and reports were revised in early January 2019 to replace estimated revenue values for the mobile wireless, internet access and internet advertising markets with published final revenue figures from the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) on December 21, 2018 and by the Internet Advertising Bureau of Canada on December 10, 2018.
    Abstract:
    This report examines the state of competition in the mobile wireless market, internet access, broadcast, pay and streaming TV services, internet advertising, advertising across all media, newspapers, browsers, online news sources, search, social media, operating systems, etc. in Canada over the period from 1984 until 2017. We call the sum-total of these media “the network media economy”. We then use two common metrics—Concentration Ratios and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)—to determine whether these markets—individually and collectively—are competitive or concentrated.
    Date Created:
    2019-01-06

  • Growth of the Network Media Economy in Canada, 1984-2017

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Winseck, Dwayne
    Description:
    Part of a series from the CMCRP - visit the CMCRP website for additional background. The workbook and reports were revised in early January 2019 to replace estimated revenue values for the mobile wireless, internet access and internet advertising markets with published final revenue figures from the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) on December 21, 2018 and by the Internet Advertising Bureau of Canada on December 10, 2018.
    Abstract:
    The report examines the development of the media economy over the past thirty-three years. We do so by examining a dozen or so of the biggest telecoms, internet and media industries in Canada, based on revenue. These include: mobile wireless and wireline telecoms; internet access; cable, satellite & IPTV; broad- cast, specialty, pay and over-the-top TV; radio; newspapers; magazines; music; and internet advertising. We call the total of these sectors “the network media economy”. Our method is simple: we begin by collecting, organizing, and making available stand-alone data for each media industry individually. We then group related, comparable industry sectors into three higher level categories: the “network media” (e.g. mobile wireless, internet access, broadcast distribution), the “content media” (e.g. television, newspapers, magazines, etc.) and “internet media” (e.g. internet advertising, search, internet news sources). Ultimately, we combine them all together to get a bird’s-eye view of the network media economy. We call this the scaffolding approach.
    Date Created:
    2019-01-06

  • Growth and Upheaval in the Network Media Economy, 1984-2018

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Winseck, Dwayne
    Description:
    Part of a series from the CMCRP. Visit the CMCRP website for project details and background:  http://www.cmcrp.org
    Abstract:
    This report examines the development of the media economy over the past thirtyfour years. Since beginning this project nearly a decade ago, we have focused on as comprehensive as possible selection of the biggest telecoms, internet and media industries (based on revenue), including: mobile wireless and wireline telecoms; internet access; cable, satellite & IPTV; broadcast television, specialty and pay television services and over-the-internet video subscription and download services; radio; newspapers; magazines; music; internet advertising; social media; operating systems; browsers, etc. This year, we have made some fairly dramatic changes in terms of what we cover, and the breadth of our analysis. For the first time, this report takes some preliminary steps to capture a broader range of audiovisual media services that are delivered over the internet beyond online video subscription and download services and internet advertising, including: online gaming, app store and music downloads.
    Date Created:
    2019-12-13

  • Media and Internet Concentration in Canada, 1984 – 2018

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Winseck, Dwayne
    Description:
    Part of a series from the CMCRP. Visit the CMCRP website for project details and background:  http://www.cmcrp.org
    Abstract:
    Every year the Canadian Media Concentration Research Project puts out two reports on the state of the telecoms, internet, and media industries in Canada. This is the second installment in this year’s series. Whereas the first report in this series examines the growth, development and upheaval that are transforming the media industries in Canada, this report takes a step further by asking a deceptively simple but profoundly important question: have these industries—individually and collectively—become more or less concentrated over time? The report does so by examining the state of competition and concentration in the mobile wireless and wireline telecoms market, broadband internet access, cable, satellite & IPTV services, broadcast television and radio, specialty and pay television services, online video subscription and download services, newspapers, magazines, internet advertising, search engines, social media as well as mobile and desktop operating systems and browsers. This year’s report also adds significantly to our efforts last year to examine the dynamics of advertising spending across all media in Canada, i.e. TV, radio, online, newspapers, magazines and out-of-doors. As we noted in our first report, we have also significantly expanded our coverage by taking some preliminary steps to capture a broader range of audiovisual media services that are delivered over the internet.
    Date Created:
    2019-12-13

  • Growth and Upheaval in the Network Media Economy in Canada, 1984-2019

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Winseck, Dwayne
    Abstract:
    This report examines the development of the media economy over the past thirty-five years. Since beginning this project a decade ago, we have focused on analyzing a comprehensive as possible selection of the biggest telecoms, Internet and media industries (based on revenue) in Canada, including: mobile wireless and wireline telecoms; Internet access; cable, satellite & IPTV; broadcast television, specialty and pay television services as well as Internet-based video subscription and download services; radio; newspapers; magazines; music; Internet advertising; social media; operating systems; browsers, etc.
    Date Created:
    2020-11-16

  • Growth and Upheaval in the Network Media Economy in Canada, 1984-2020

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Winseck, Dwayne
    Date Created:
    2021-11-23

  • Media and Internet Concentration in Canada, 1984–2020

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Winseck, Dwayne
    Description:
    This report was originally published on December 7, 2021. We re-released in on December 17, 2021 after cleaning up the text from an editorial point of view. This resulted in some stylistic changes but nothing substantive.
    Date Created:
    2021-12-07

  • Final Needs Assessment Report: Identifying barriers faced by Ottawa Somali Youth in accessing post-secondary and vocational opportunities

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Feder, Zoey, McWhinney, Tara, Occhiuto, Katherine, Colpitts, Jennifer, Hagi-Aden, Ismail, van de Sande, Adje, and Hussein, Ahmed
    Description:
    More about the Centre for Studies on Poverty and Social Citizenship:  https://carleton.ca/cspsc See also: Canada's First National Housing Strategy - A Panel Discussion focusing on Canada’s first National Housing Strategy at the CASWE National Conference 2018
    Abstract:
    In 2016, with funding from the Ontario Trillium Foundation’s Seed Grant program, The Somali Centre for Family Services of Ottawa (SCFS) invited Carleton University’s Centre for Studies on Poverty and Social Citizenship (CSPSC) to partner on the completion of a needs assessment focusing on the barriers faced by Somali youth in accessing post-secondary education, and employment training and opportunities. In carrying out this research, the SCFS’s main objective was to address social and economic exclusion locally by inviting Somali youth (age 19-30) from the Ottawa area to engage in the conceptualization and design of resources that could best support their participation in educational and vocational programs.
    Date Created:
    2017-05-23

  • Final Evaluation Report: Evaluating the Impact of Lanark County Mental Health’s “Buried in Treasures” Hoarding Treatment Program

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    van de Sande, Adje, Feder, Zoey, Ang, Steven, and McIntosh, Karen
    Date Created:
    2019-03-06

  • A Project Development Checklist for Community-Based Research

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Centre for Studies on Poverty and Social Citizenship
    Description:
    Special thanks to the Toolkit researchers, including Tara McWhinney, Aaron Kozak and Evan Culic for their contributions towards building this toolkit. Cette publication est aussi disponible en français.
    Abstract:
    This Community-Based Research Toolkit is intended for community organizations trying to decide if they want to conduct research, and whether they should seek an academic partner to work with to conduct this research. This toolkit is designed as a project development checklist that acts as a guide for things to consider for community organizations conducting a research project.
    Date Created:
    2019-07-02

  • FINAL EVALUATION REPORT: Evaluating the Impact of Shepherds of Good Hope’s Women and Gender Diverse Program

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Occhiuto, Katherine, Feder, Zoey, Larose-Hébert, Katharine, McWhinney, Tara, van de Sande, Adje, and Kalmanovitch, Alicia
    Date Created:
    2020-03-28

  • Report: Recruitment and Retention of Rural Physicians

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Petrie, Sam, Sendanyoye, Claudia, Sebastian, Steven, Carson, Dean, and Peters, Paul A.
    Description:
    See also Carleton's Spatial Determinants of Health Lab:  https://carleton.ca/determinants
    Abstract:
    Rural and remote communities comprise around32% and 22% of Australia’s and Canada’s population. However, only 14% and 16% of family physicians in Australia and Canada, respectively, practice in these communities, resulting in a disproportion in access as compared with urban areas. An erosion of health services occurs when the number of physicians and other health care providers in a region is insufficient or these professionals are non-existent. Even when existing in a rural and remote region, providers are often overburdened. Inaccessibility to services in rural and remote communities’ results in poor health outcomes for all involved. In Canada, 1 in 7 physicians will leave rural practice within two years. Strategies to address these turnover rates and the lessening interest in entering rural practice have focused on supporting recruitment and retention initiatives (RnR) to first bring physicians into rural practice and then encourage physicians to continue in rural practice beyond the short-term. These programs have so far been insufficient or ineffective to address the lack of physicians in rural and remote areas. A review of recent literature related to RnR initiatives focused on rural physicians in Australia and Canada was conducted to investigate the strengths and limitations of initiatives. Further, this review critically examines the short and long-term feasibility of initiatives and develops a conceptual framework for designing or examining RnR initiatives.
    Date Created:
    2019-07-12

  • Implementation considerations in a Complex Adaptive System

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Peters, Paul A. and Petrie, Samuel
    Description:
    This report was prepared for the Centre for Rural Medicine in Storuman, Sweden, as part of the Free Range international student exchange program. See also Carleton's Spatial Determinants of Health Lab:  https://carleton.ca/determinants
    Abstract:
    This report is provides guidance for research teams who are currently planning or are in the midst of implementing an e-health intervention in rural communities. It describes the important factors which need to be considered when scaling - up a pilot project from one context to another, and demonstrates what a successful project needs to maximize the probability that it will achieve the desired level of spread within the healthcare system. This report can be used as a reference for people who wish to implement a novel intervention into a new environment. Ideally it will be used in the early stages of intervention design to help researchers understand how a complex adaptive system functions and why navigating one is important for the outcome of their intervention. To begin, the report covers some basic terminology used when discussing complex adaptive systems and highlights the importance of working with these ideas moving forward. Next, in-depth discussions about sense-making, leverage points, self-organization, and agent-based modelling provide evidence of the complexity of implementation. Finally, the principle of antifragility is discussed, as well as a tangible example of an intervention which has been designed with antifragility in mind. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the key findings of the report, offers future directions, and identifies some of the limitations.
    Date Created:
    2018-09-22

  • Patient and Provider Perspectives on Rural eHealth Interventions

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Paskaran, Saambavi, Carson, Dean B., Leblanc, Michele, Petrie, Sam, and Peters, Paul A.
    Description:
    Visit the Spatial Determinants of Health Lab website at  https://carleton.ca/determinants
    Abstract:
    Although health care is widely accessible in most developed countries, rural areas often struggle to adequately meet health care needs. Challenges in accessing and receiving adequate health care introduce large variations in disease levels, level of treatment, life expectancy,and overall health status for rural populations. eHealth, or electronic health,defined here as any electronic medium used to access health services,is a method used to bridge the gap between rural and urban centers to improve health care access. Including the above definition, eHealth also includes any technology designed to improve efficiencies and reduce costs in relation to health care. By providing a comprehensive overview of feedback from past interventions, policy-makers and program developers can develop strategies to improve the implementation and the use of eHealth technologies.
    Date Created:
    2019-08-12

  • Best Practices for Rural eMental Health

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Petrie, Samuel, LeBlanc, Michele, Peters, Paul A., Aboukarr, Sereen, Paskaran, Saambavi, and Carson, Dean B.
    Description:
    Visit the Spatial Determinants of Health Lab website at  https://carleton.ca/determinants
    Abstract:
    A review of recent literature related to eHealth technologies in Canada and Australia was conducted to better understand specific barriers and enablers for the uptake, acceptability, and success of eMental health programs. It has been shown that the more “rural” or “remote” a community, the access to mental health services decreases. By mitigating barriers and promoting enablers, successful eMental health integration can increase access to mental health services for rural residents. eMental health aims to bridge the gap between rural and urban mental health services by introducing electronic methods such as teleconferencing or videoconferencing for psychological services, virtual referral to psychiatrists, and sharing of electronic records. Successful integration of the technology remains a challenging task, with key actors, enablers, and barriers all influencing its success.
    Date Created:
    2019-07-12

  • Report: Interventions for Rural and Remote Youth Mental Health

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Petrie, Sam, Carson, Dean B., Steven, Sebastian, Peters, Paul A., Priest, Liam, Waid, Chelsea, and Sinclair, Laleah
    Description:
    Visit the Spatial Determinants of Health Lab website at  https://carleton.ca/determinants
    Abstract:
    Rural and remote communities in both Australia and Canada have a higher burden of mental illness relative to their urban counterparts. Suicide rates, particularly, are higher across all age groups among men in rural communities as compared to metropolitan areas. Mental health issues are especially present in younger populations within these communities. Additionally, rural and remote communities tend to have higher proportions of Indigenous origin individuals, who face additional challenges and service barriers. Rural and remote communities often encounter significant barriers to accessing mental health care. Individuals from these communities may be serviced solely by general health care providers that are not trained in mental health treatment. Travelling away from the community to alleviate this issue only further hinders accessibility as these individuals must travel larger distances to access specialized health services. When services are accessed, those from rural and remote communities are met with longer wait times than their urban counterparts. With no specialized treatment within the rural or remote community and inaccessible treatment outside the community, mental health care must shift to informal caregivers and the community as a whole. Rural and remote communities are often not trained in mental health care. Interventions to address rural and remote youth mental health are needed to equip communities with the tools and skills to overcome access barriers and support community members. A review of recent literature related to rural and remote youth mental health interventions was conducted. The aim of the review is to characterize these mental health interventions in Australia and Canada and examine how they relate to youth.
    Date Created:
    2019-11-20

  • Report: Telepaediatrics in Rural and Remote Australia and Canada

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    Morris, Sydney, Peters, Paul A., LeBlanc, Michele, Steven, Sebastian, Carson, Dean, and Petrie, Sam
    Abstract:
    Rural and remote communities in Australia and Canada experience barriers to accessing healthcare services (1). These barriers are especially pronounced when attempting to access more specialized health care services, such as paediatric (2–4). Both countries have implemented programs that aim to bridge the gap between rural communities and specialized healthcare. One such service is telepaediatrics. Telepaediatrics, as part of telehealth, refers to any paediatric health-related service, network, or medical tool that transmits voice, data, images and information through telecommunication programs as part of providing health services (5–7). Telehealth services are ideal because they remove the need to relocate the rural patient to urban specialist sites (5–7). In a WHO survey (2010), 60% of member countries had telehealth services in place but only 30% of these programs were implemented as part of routine care (8). Only 3 member countries had established telepaediatric services in place (8). No previous investigations examine the use of telehealth programs in urban versus rural settings (8). This review aims to identify the common barriers to telepaediatric services in rural Australia and Canada and outlines suggestions for future implementation.
    Date Created:
    2019-11-20

  • Report: Rural Youth Health in Canada, Sweden and Australia

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    LeBlanc, Michele, Sinclair, Laleah, Peters, Paul A., and Sendanyoye, Claudia
    Abstract:
    The small size coupled with remoteness of rural communities in Canada, Australia, and Sweden introduce challenges in accessing sufficient health services (1-3). The sparse health services in rural areas impose “the tyranny of distance” on rural and remote populations, necessitating lengthy travel times to receive care. Despite the increased challenges rural communities face, a dearth of research on rural health persists, particularly rural youth health (4,5). A broad scoping review was undertaken to identify literature regarding rural youth health in Canada, Australia, and Sweden. The studies were coded according to population focus, health focus, access, and general. The scoping review produced the Rural Youth Health Scoping Review Database, which provides an overview of the available research on rural youth health.
    Date Created:
    2020-07-06

  • Report: Rural Resilience and Community Connections in Health: Outcomes of a Community Workshop

    Resource Type:
    Report
    Creator:
    LeBlanc, Michelle, Mahling, Alexa, and Peters, Paul A.
    Description:
    Visit the Spatial Determinants of Health Lab website at  https://carleton.ca/determinants
    Abstract:
    Canadians living in rural communities are diverse, with individual communities defined by unique strengths and challenges that impact their health needs. Understanding rural health needs is a complex undertaking, with many challenges pertaining to engagement, research, and policy development. In order to address these challenges, it is imperative to understand the unique characteristics of rural communities as well as to ensure that the voices of rural and remote communities are prioritized in the development and implementation of rural health research programs and policy. Effective community engagement is essential in order to establish rural-normative programs and policies to improve the health of individuals living in rural, remote, and northern communities. This report was informed by a community engagement workshop held in Golden Lake, Ontario in October 2019. Workshop attendees were comprised of residents from communities within the Madawaska Valley, community health care professionals, students and researchers from Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, and international researchers from Australia, Sweden, and Austria. The themes identified throughout the workshop included community strengths and initiatives that are working well, challenges and concerns faced by the community in the context of health, and suggestions to build on strengths and address challenges to improve the health of residents in the Madawaska Valley.
    Date Created:
    2020-12-10

  • Infographic: Recruitment and Retention of Rural Physicians

    Resource Type:
    Other
    Creator:
    Steven, S., Peters, P.A., Sendanyoye, C., Petrie, S., and Carson, D.B.
    Description:
    Visit the Spatial Determinants of Health Lab website at  https://carleton.ca/determinants
    Date Created:
    2019-07-12

  • Infographic: Rural Youth Mental Health Interventions

    Resource Type:
    Other
    Creator:
    Carson, D.B., Petrie, S., Sinclair, L., Priest, L., Waid, C., Steven, S., and Peters, Paul A.
    Description:
    Visit the Spatial Determinants of Health Lab website at  https://carleton.ca/determinants
    Date Created:
    2019-07-23