This thesis examines the relationship of object and image in the work of three sculptors, Roland Brener and Mowry Baden, both from Victoria, and Michel Goulet from Montreal. The writer examines the way objects used by these artists are transformed into images in such a way that the interpretation of sculpture is modified. These works stand in opposition to the tradition of formalist sculpture. The invention of the "ready-made" by Marcel Duchamp is acknowledged as the model for the appropriation of so-called "everyday" objects but is expanded to include the relationship of sculpture to objects produced in industrial mass production, as well as the notion of work in a post-industrial society.The works of Brener, Baden and Goulet will be situated in the larger frame of an international context, providing a theoretical orientation which I believe validates their placement in sculptural discourse as such. In general, this thesis focuses on the material components presented by the works which clearly distinguishes them from the tenets of abstract "formalism". A general model for the analysis of image-based sculpture being produced in Canada is proposed.
An experiment was conducted to examine the application of the optimal-complexity model to musical aesthetics. The model seeks to explain the relationship between the complexity of music and the listener's affective response. In this thesis the underlying harmonic structure of 7-tone melodies was systematically manipulated according to the rules of Western harmony.Three sets of melodic sequences were created. Two groups of listeners selected on the basis of musical training rated single presentations of sequences on a 6-point scale of either "pleasingness" or "complexity." Effects of repetition were also investigated by having sequences repeat 10 times in a row with listeners rating sequences after each repetition. The results indicated a positive monotonic relationship between "pleasingness" ratings and harmonic structure. This relationship was mirrored by "complexity" ratings which decreased linearly with structure. Differences between the sets occurred for "pleasingness" ratings but not for "complexity" ratings. Repetition effects varied according to the level of harmonic structure. Results suggest that ability of the model to predict affective responses to music may be limited to wide stimulus ranges.
In recent years the medical profession has been obliged to look at, and to find ways to deal with, a variety of chronic illnesses. While there has been a call by some toward a more preventive and wholistic approach to both medicine and patients, it has still been difficult to deal with chronic illnesses which slowly creep on with a wide variety of symptoms until finally one day the patient can be diagnosed with a "disease" the medical profession can deal with.This particular thesis was designed to gain initial insight into the experiences people have with Polysytemic Chronic Candidiasis (PCC). Issues of the coping strategies utilised by men and women who have been coping with PCC, the focus of their health locus of control and how lifestyle is related to this chronic dis-ease were addressed.Fifty-nine women and 9 men completed a questionnaire designed to access responses to these issues. The findings suggest that this sample almost certainly has yeast-related health problems and, as a group score higher than normal for depressive symptomatology. Suggestions that the control of their health tends to be placed more away from Powerful Others than actually for Internal locus of control were made. Participants tended to choose more engagement-oriented coping strategies, but not consistently.Relationships were found between impact, control, depression and perceived stress. Relationships were also discovered between health locus of control and engagement-disengagement coping strategies. Recommendations were made for further research to look at the processes and stages involved with PCC.
In the present study, an examination of definitions of feminist consciousness led to the suggestion that double deprivation would be strongly related to political action. In addition, it was hypothesized that perceptions of the availability of resources and double deprivation would co-occur. Finally, it was suggested that past social psychological measures of feminist consciousness (Gurin & Townsend, 1986) do not adequately represent the qualitative experience of a feminist consciousness. Regression analyses showed that double deprivation was associated with political action. Furthermore, both the perceptions of resources and double deprivation were uniguely related to action. Finally, one dimension of feminist consciousness, namely, legitimacy, as well as perceptions of common fate were associated with both double deprivation and political action. Implications for these theories were discussed.
The successive waves of Chinese intellectual criticism and student movements correspond to political generations. Yet the generational model, which describes the relationship between different generations of the Chinese intellectuals and the Chinese Communist Party, has been the most underdeveloped model in the study of Chinese politics. The problem of Chinese intellectuals has often been approached from an individual and biographical perspective. Under the generational framework, this thesis systematically analyzes the political conflict that exists between the intellectuals and the CCP in the post-Mao era, which the author believes is an essential conflict between generations. The Cultural Revolution divides current Chinese society into two groups: the older generations and the younger generations. The young people are creating a new world in which individual dignity will be the fundamental concern and fighting for the replacement of the old world established by the elders, which is collective-orientated.
This thesis attempts the first comprehensive account of the development of the Caribbean News Agency (CANA). Presented in journalistic style, the story traces the evolution of CANA from an idea in 1947, to its establishment in 1976, to its recognition as the Third World's most successful regional news agency, to four current threats to the agency's future.This account is informed by interviews with persons who have been connected to CANA, UNESCO studies on the agency's performance, books on the operations of global news agencies, scholarly and press articles, the CANA news file, and my own observations as a senior CANA staff journalist.
There is an apparent discrepancy between the official policy of equality for women in West Germany and the female stereotypes perpetuated in magazine advertisements which reflect neither the improved social status of women nor women's concern about the masculine bias in the language. Teachers of German should therefore use advertisements with discrimination. The language of advertising bears distinctive lexical, syntactic and semantic features which afford students a sociolinguistic insight into a significant idiom of commerce.Es besteht eine Diskrepanz zwischen der offiziellen deutschen Politik der Frauengleichberechtigung und der noch klischeehaften Darstellung der Frau in der Wirtschaftswerbung, die weder den erhohten Status der Frau in der Gesellschaft noch die Frauensprache anerkennt; deswegen sollten Werbetexte vorsichtig in den Fremdsprachenunterricht eingefuhrt werden. Solche Texte bieten Studenten des Deutschen einen Einblick in die Soziolinguistik. Die Werbesprache ist als eine bedeutende Fachsprache der Wirtschaft zu betrachten, da sie sich durch Vokabular, Syntax und Semantik klar auszeichnet.
The Gorbachev leadership's aspirations for the complete restructuring of the Soviet Union (Perestroika), rested upon the twin-pillars of economic reforms and demokratizatsiia - the democratisation of the country's economic, political and social life. Gorbachevian democratisation was the reinterpretation of socialist democracy that was based on the notion that there is an alternative to capitalism and liberal democracy. This alternative was presented as socialist democracy that purported to be more "humane and democratic." It combined liberal democratic constitutionalism and proceduralism with Leninist socialist democracy, thereby building a hybrid model of democracy that in theory could be described as socialist liberal. However, this model remained firmly rooted in Leninist practices and traditions. A theory of democracy that was constructed on mutually opposing concepts could only result in a practice of democracy that embodied elements of both - liberalism and authoritarianism.
The purpose of this essay is to bring out the relevance of Foucault's move beyond theories which ultimately explain all practices by reducing them to the intentional activity of human subjects, that is, beyond philosophical humanism. Sartre's works are discussed first: in his later writings Sartre developed a notion — the "practico-inert" — which allows worked, scarce matter to significantly determine practices. However, he ultimately undermined this anti-humanist position by reducing the constitution of the practico-inert itself to intentional human activity. Next, Heidegger's attempts to transcend the parameters of philosophical humanism by situating intentional activity on the base of "Being" are considered. Yet Heidegger's hermeneutic approach slips into humanism because it relies on an understanding of history which ultimately reduces all practices to the intentional activity of subjects. Finally Foucault's "archaeological" work is discussed, pointing toward an opening which displaces the space of philosophical humanism as it moves beyond hermeneutics.
This study was designed to assess the effect of hypnotic and nonhypnotic suggestion for smoking cessation or reduction in smoking. In addition, the study assessed whether hypnotizability, motivation to stop smoking and locus of control orientation were predictive of outcome. Research concerned with stop smoking programs, locus of control studies and the debate concerning the nature of hypnosis was reviewed. Eighty-four subjects were assigned to five conditions. These conditions allowed comparison of an hypnotic induction procedure against a suggestion/no hypnosis procedure. These procedures were presented in both the active and passive voice. Saliva thiocyanate was used as a biochemical measure of smoking behavior. No significant difference in smoking reduction was found between treatments using an induction procedure and those using suggestion/no induction or between active and passive instructions. In addition, there was no significant difference in the success rate between the four treatment conditions combined and a no treatment control group. Subjects in all groups, including the controls, showed a substantial reduction in smoking. Subjects with an internal locus of control orientation were no more successful than those with an external orientation at reducing smoking. Hypnotizability also failed to predict treatment outcome. How much subjects liked to smoke was the best predictor of failure to reduce smoking.
In this research paper, it is suggested that the parallels and connections which some commentators have argued to exist between some of the arguments and views of Hegel and the later Wittgenstein may not be purely coincidental. There is good cause to believe that Wittgenstein had some contact with the general philosophic tradition of which Hegel is an integral part. There is also some cause to suspect that some of Wittgenstein's most important personal influences may have introduced him to ideas with Hegelian affinities.After briefly discussing some of the inherent difficulties in drawing parallels between Hegel and Wittgenstein, a survey is attempted of the works of some of the key commentators who have made comparisons between some elements of Hegel's and Wittgenstein's philosophies. Then, a survey is attempted of those influences on Wittgenstein who may have - often indirectly - lead him to hold loosely Hegelian positions or use Hegelian arguments. Finally, noting that Wittgenstein consciously opted for Hegel's dialectical approach to philosophy, Wittgenstein's and Hegel's general philosophic methods are compared.This paper in no way suggests that Wittgenstein must be read as a Hegelian. It only argues that there is cause to seriously consider interpretations of Wittgenstein which involve significant parallels to Hegelian thought, although not Hegelian thought as some of his detractors or early 'followers' understood it.
The structure and processing in two formally equivalent compound tasks are investigated: a judgment of ease task, and a similarity task. The judgment of ease task is a binary comparison task where two successive binary categorizations are performed followed by a comparative judgment of ease or difficulty of the binary component categorizations. In the similarity-dissimilarity task, the subject must perform two successive binary comparisons each requiring the subject to compare the lengths of a horizontal line segment with a vertical line segment. The second comparative judgment is then immediately followed by the judgment of similarity or dissimilarity of the horizontal segments with the vertical standard.It is determined that the data can be represented in terms of Coombs' unidimensional theory of unfolding (1950, 1964). For example, when subjects are required to indicate which of two successively presented visual extents is easier or harder to categorize as "long" or "short" they execute these categorizations and then measure the distance of the representation of each stimulus from the long-short category boundary; the stimulus nearer the boundary is the more difficult. When they are requested to indicate which is easier to categorize, they select the alternative that is farther from the boundary.A model based on inferential rules is advanced as a possible basis for the development of parallel processing. Although no clear evidence of parallel processing was obtained, there was some indication of concurrent processing. The inferential model was supported by obtaining presentation order effects when no explicit perceptual comparisons were required of the subjects.
This thesis is a study of a new category Cp. This category has not appeared in the literature as yet The concept of Cp was suggested by my supervisor Dr. L.D. Nel. The results obtained stem from a list ol conjectures provided by him. The introductory chapter is a reference source for subsequent chapters. Chaptei 1 opens with a known larger category serving as backdrop for Cp. A major result is that Cp is a topologicn universe. The second chapter serves as a source of C'p-spaces. The categories of Hausdorff piecompact uniform spaces and Hausdorff Jb-spaces (kT->) are shown to embed fully. The functor G : &T_ —• Cp proves tc preserve finite products. We derive that G "nearly" preserves function spaces. The kernel of Chapter 3 is that CP(A, IR) is reflexive; this is proved by establishing that certain function spaces of Cp and Cc (convergencc spaces) coincide.
The mycelia from a culture of Fusarium avenaceum Fa120 (DAOM 196490) have been shown to produce enniatin A as a major product, along with smaller amounts of enniatins A1 and B1. In addition, this fungus was also found to produce two minor enniatins, enniatins B1-2 and A2, with enniatin A2 being the first N-methylleucine containing enniatin to be isolated from any Fusarium species. The crude fungal extract of Fusarium acuminatum MRC 3308 grown in SANDOZ medium was found to contain enniatins B, B1 and A1, with trace amounts of enniatin A. This is the first reported isolation of enniatins from this strain of F. acuminatum. In addition to the above enniatins, this strain also produces an N-methylleucine containing enniatin, enniatin B4, as well as an N-desmethyl enniatin, B2. The complete characterization of these new enniatins, as well as enniatins A1 and B1, which have never been fully characterized, is presented.
Twenty-six cases of stroke in childhood are compared with 26 children without brain damage matched by age and sex. Variables included in the comparisons were intellectual, academic and neuropsychological scores from a standardized test battery. Data on behavioural functioning are also reported. Children who had strokes performed more poorly than the children without strokes on the intellectual, academic and neuropsychological tests. Behavioural problems were not commonly reported in either group. Within the group of children with strokes, outcome ranged from death to full recovery. The majority of the children had motor problems and one-fifth had visual field defects. Post-stroke sequelae included mild speech difficulties and epilepsy. Almost half of the children attended a regular class at school and the other half required a teacher's aid or special class placement. Boys appeared to have a poorer outcome than girls.
The reformation of Soviet enterprises over the period from 1987 to 1990 represents the rejection of the "command economy and marks the first step toward the “destatization" of productive property in the Soviet Union. This process is important because it will set precedents for future economic development, determine the receptiveness of Western capital to the Soviet market and eventually be the catalyst for the formation of a new social contract between individual and state. This paper examines the first stages of economic reform by looking to the production level to gauge the extent and nature of change that took place over this period and to measure the effectiveness of the reforms. Chiefly, this is done by examining new forms of enterprise organization: Cost-Accounting and Leased enterprises, Small Enterprise, Concerns and Joint-Stock Companies. Each enterprise type is treated separately but according to identical criteria: the case for application of each type of organization; the nature and calibre of legislation governing each type of enterprise, and; the experiences of enterprises with these new forms of organization. It is found that poor quality legislation and the enlistment of state agencies to implement reform measures designed to weaken them consistently demonstrated a lack of will or vision by the state to enact "radical reform. Despite this, it is demonstrated that producer initiative for reform preempted state measures in all but one instance and that producers themselves were the greatest forces behind reform. Because many enterprises aggresively sought autonomy their actions indicated not simply perestroika but novostroika in that producers were forging new links amongst each other. Economic perestroika, then, was becoming not only active but interactive. Finally, because the reforms were clumsily handled by the state and obstructed by state agencies, it occurred that perestroika as given was most attractive to the economy's strongest enterprises while leaving those most in need of reform more attached to a weakened administrative system. Consequently, the reform process has been brought to a critical juncture: perestroika has demonstrated the promise of reform among its best producers but falls far short of actively and postitively enlisting all producers in the process of self-restructuring.
The purpose of the present research was to study family structure (divorced or intact) and family process variables (the parent/child relationship) in order to identify factors related to children's adjustment. Data were collected from children and parents in 28 two parent and 29 mother custody families. Structured interviews were conducted with children between nine to thirteen years of age. The Bricklin Perceptual Scales and the Family Relations Test were used to assess a child's perception of his/her mother and father. Self-report measures of self-esteem and loneliness, and parent-report measures of internalizing and externalizing behaviours were used to assess children's adjustment. Demographic information on parental levels of education, occupation and income was obtained from the two groups. Three questions related to marital separation were investigated. The first question was whether family type significantly affected children's adjustment. MANOVAs revealed no significant difference between children in single parent and two parent families on self-esteem and loneliness. There were significant differences on parents' ratings of children's behaviour; however, these differences were not significant after statistically controlling for income level. The second question addressed in the current research was whether children's adjustment could be predicted from the mother/child and father/child relationship. Children's adjustment was significantly predicted from the mother/child, but not the father/child relationship. Finally, the association between the parent/child relationship and children's adjustment was examined separately for boys and girls. Boys' self-esteem was highly correlated with the father/child relationship. Girls' self-esteem and loneliness were correlated with the competency of their mothers and the supportiveness of their mothers. The present findings suggest that children's adjustment is related to family process variables rather than family structure. The implications of the present study and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Seasonal variations in binging, purging, food preference and mood were investigated in patients with bulimia nervosa (BN) and in normal controls (NC) using a retrospective questionnaire, the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire. Thirty one patients with BN and 31 nonbulimic NCs were matched on age and SES. Results indicated that binging, purging, total food preference and mood in BN exhibited strong relationships with seasonal changes in meteorological variables represented by photoperiod. In contrast, NCs experienced seasonal variations in mood but not in total food preference. Neither group experienced preferential seasonal changes in carbohydrate foods. SAD was more prevalent in BN than in NCs. Results suggest that BN is a disorder of satiety for calories rather than carbohydrates which varies seasonally and is accompanied by significant seasonal variations in mood. Results are discussed with respect to serotonergic functionning and the relationship between BN and SAD.
This thesis examined 56 women's reactions to miscarriage, including their depression, stress, and anxiety. The moderating role of women's knowledge of miscarriage, the significance of the loss of the baby, coping strategies, and attributional explanations for the event were also assessed. Correlational and regression analyses revealed that women's knowledge before miscarriage, rather than after, accounted for nine percent of the variance in a composite index of their reactions. Also, coping strategies accounted for a large proportion of the variance in women's reactions (54%), whereby women who used cognitive restructuring as a strategy suffered less severe reactions than those who used wishful thinking or social withdrawal. Women's attributions for the miscarriage also affected their reactions in that women who blamed their own character or doctor reacted more severely. Examining the interrelations of these variables revealed that women's knowledge before their miscarriage was related to less use of wishful thinking, while their knowledge after the event was related to less problem avoidance and more expression of emotions. Women's attributions were also related to her choice of coping strategies: Blaming one's character and behaviour were positively related to self-criticism and social withdrawal and negatively related to doctor's support. The implications of these findings for interventions designed to facilitate adjustment to miscarriage and future research are discussed.
The present study assessed progressive relaxation training as a treatment for recurrent headache among university students. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a relaxation treatment condition or a no-treatment monitoring control condition. All subjects monitored their headache activity over a 3-week baseline, and two 2-week follow-up intervals. In addition, treatment subjects were administered two sessions of progressive relaxation training over a two-week period following the baseline period. Upon completion of all headache diaries, subjects were administered an experimental pain stimulus in a paradigm designed to assess compliance. Our principal findings were that treatment and monitoring subjects reduced average headache activity to a an equal extent from baseline to follow-up. However, treatment subjects reported more substantial decrements in headache activity at follow-up. Treatment subjects reported significant reductions in physical and mental relaxation following each progressive relaxation training session. Treatment subjects' expectations for treatment success were associated with decreased headache activity on all headache diaries subsequent to treatment. Our compliance manipulation failed to distinguish compliant and non-compliant responders to the experimental pain stimulus. Nevertheless, we found that global reports of treatment success were positively associated with compliant responding. Results are discussed in terms of non-specific treatment effects, generalization of treatment effects, subject attrition and cross-situational compliance effects.
